Airline hub
An airline hub is an airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination. It is part of a hub and spoke model, where travelers moving between airports not served by direct flights change planes en route to their destinations. Many hubs of the airlines are also situated at airports in the cities of the respective head offices.
Some airlines may use only a single hub, while other airlines use multiple hubs. Hubs are used for both passenger flights as well as cargo flights.
Many airlines also utilize focus cities, which function much the same as hubs. Airlines may also use secondary hubs, a non-technical term for large focus cities.
Fortress hub
A fortress hub is an airport where a single airline's share of flights is at or above the monopoly standard of 70 percent of flights in and out of the hub.[1] For example, in 2005 US Airways occupied 72 (plus 1 shared with Lufthansa) out of 85 total gates and accounted for approximately 90% of passenger traffic at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport.[2][3] Another example is at Detroit (DTW), a Delta Air Lines hub. New entrants, such as Spirit Airlines at Detroit (DTW), AirTran at Atlanta (ATL), and Vanguard at Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW), allege to have been the target of exclusionary practices by the dominant carrier. Some observers argue that the existence of such hubs can stifle competition; ProAir's battle with Northwest when it briefly flew out of Detroit City Airport is often cited as an example. Northwest was able to out compete the short-lived discount carrier by matching its fares and offering more frequent flights. Although these competitive measures have nothing to do with hub status per se, they are indicative of the measures a hub airline will take to defend its preferred position at a hub airport.
A map showing the main hubs and focus cities (smaller hubs with fewer services and or limited international services) of the remaining legacy airlines in North America including recent mergers and announced mergers.
A few examples of fortress hubs for major US airlines include but not limited to:
Major passenger airlines and their hubs
Africa
Asia
- AirAsia (AK) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
- AirAsia X (D7) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
- Air China (CA) uses Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), Pudong International Airport (PVG) and Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport (CTU).
- Air India (AI) uses Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (BOM), Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL), Chennai International Airport (MAA) and Frankfurt Airport (FRA).
- Air Koryo (JS) uses Pyongyang Sunan International Airport (FNJ).
- All Nippon Airways (NH) uses Narita International Airport (NRT), Haneda Airport (HND), Kansai International Airport (KIX) and Itami Airport (ITM).
- Asiana Airlines (OZ) uses Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Gimpo Airport (GMP).
- Bangkok Airways (PG) uses Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK) and Samui Airport (USM).
- Batavia Air (Y6) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK).
- Biman Bangladesh Airlines (BG) uses Shahjalal International Airport (DAC), Shah Amanat International Airport (CGP), Osmani International Airport (ZYL).
- Caspian Airlines (RV) uses Mehrabad Airport (THR).
- Cathay Pacific (CX) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG) (and to a lesser extent Suvarnabhumi International Airport (BKK) and Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE)).
- China Airlines (CI) uses Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE)
- China Eastern Airlines (MU) uses Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) and Pudong International Airport (PVG).
- China Southern Airlines (CZ) uses Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN) and Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK).
- Continental Micronesia uses Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport (GUM).
- Dragonair (KA) uses Hong Kong International Airport (HKG).
- El Al (LY) uses Ben Gurion International Airport (TLV).
- Emirates Airline (EK) uses Dubai International Airport (DXB).
- Etihad Airways (EY) uses Abu Dhabi International Airport (AUH).
- EVA Air (BR) uses Taipei Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE)
- Garuda Indonesia (GA) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS).
- Gulf Air (GF) uses Bahrain International Airport (BAH).
- IndiGo Airlines (6E) uses Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL).
- Indonesia Air Asia (QZ) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK), Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS) and Husein Sastranegara International Airport (BDO).
- Iran Air (IR) uses Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA) and Mehrabad Airport (THR).
- Iran Air Tours (B9) uses Mashhad International Airport (MHD).
- Iran Aseman Airlines (EP) uses Mehrabad International Airport (THR) and Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA).
- Japan Airlines (JL) uses Narita International Airport (NRT), Haneda Airport (HND), Kansai International Airport (KIX) and Itami Airport (ITM).
- Jazeera Airways (J9), uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI) and Dubai International Airport (DXB).
- Jet Airways (9W) uses Mumbai-Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport (BOM), Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) and Brussels-National Airport (BRU).
- Kingfisher Airlines (IT) uses Bangalore-Bengaluru International Airport (BLR), Mumbai-Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport(BOM) and Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)
- Kish Air (Y9) uses Mehrabad Airport (THR).
- Korean Air (KE) uses Incheon International Airport (ICN) and Gimpo International Airport (GMP).
- Kuwait Airways (KU) uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI).
- Lion Air (JT) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Juanda International Airport (SUB).
- Mahan Air (W5) uses Imam Khomeini International Airport (IKA).
- Malaysia Airlines (MH) uses Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KUL).
- Mandala Airlines (RI) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Juanda International Airport (SUB).
- MASwings (MH) uses Miri Airport (MYY).
- Merpati Nusantara Airlines (MZ) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) and Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS) and Juanda International Airport (SUB)
- Middle East Airlines (ME) uses Beirut Rafik Hariri International Airport (BEY).
- Nok Air (DD) uses Don Mueang International Airport (DMK).
- Oman Air (WY) uses Muscat International Airport (MCT).
- One-Two-GO Airlines (OG) uses Don Mueang International Airport (DMK).
- Orient Thai Airlines (OX) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK).
- Pakistan International Airlines (PK) uses Jinnah International Airport (KHI), Islamabad International Airport (ISB) and Allama Iqbal International Airport (LHE).
Royal Jordanian
A320 Taking off from Hub, Queen Alia International Airport
- Philippine Airlines (PR) uses Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL).
- Qatar Airways (QR) uses Doha International Airport (DOH).
- Royal Brunei Airlines (BI) uses Brunei International Airport (BWN).
- Royal Jordanian Airlines (RJ) uses Amman Queen Alia International Airport (AMM).
- Saudi Arabian Airlines (SV) uses King Abdul Aziz International Airport (JED) King Khalid International Airport (RUH) and King Fahd International Airport (DMM).
- SGA Airlines (5E) uses Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX).
- Shanghai Airlines (FM) uses Pudong International Airport (PVG) and Hongqiao International Airport (SHA).
- Singapore Airlines (SQ) uses Changi International Airport (SIN).
- SpiceJet (SG) uses Delhi-Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL).
- SriLankan Airlines (UL) uses Bandaranaike International Airport (CMB).
- Sriwijaya Air (SJ) uses Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK).
- Thai Airways International (TG) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK), Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) and Phuket International Airport (HKT).
- Thai Air Asia (FD) uses Suvarnabhumi Airport (BKK) and Phuket International Airport (HKT).
- Uzbekistan Airways (HY) uses Tashkent International Airport (TAS).
- Vietnam Airlines (VN) uses Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN) and Noi Bai International Airport (HAN).
- Wataniya Airways (KW) uses Kuwait International Airport (KWI).
Europe
- Adria Airways (JP) uses Ljubljana International Airport (LJU).
- Aer Lingus (EI) uses Dublin Airport (DUB), Cork Airport (ORK), Belfast International Airport (BFS), London Gatwick Airport (LGW) and Shannon Airport (SNN).
- Aeroflot (SU) uses Moscow-Sheremetyevo International Airport (SVO).
- Aerosvit (VV) uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP).
- Air Berlin (AB) uses Berlin-Tegel International Airport (TXL), Düsseldorf International Airport (DUS), Munich Airport (MUC), Nuremberg Airport (NUE) and Palma de Mallorca Airport (PMI).
- AirBaltic (BT) uses Riga International Airport (RIX)
- Air France (AF) uses Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG), Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airport (LYS) and to a lesser extent Orly Airport (ORY).
- Air Moldova (9U) uses Chisinau International Airport (KIV)
- Alitalia (AZ) uses Rome Leonardo da Vinci International Airport (FCO).
- Anadolujet (TK) uses Esenboğa International Airport (ESB).
- Austrian Airlines (OS) uses Vienna International Airport (VIE).
- British Airways (BA) uses London Heathrow Airport (LHR) and to a lesser extent London Gatwick Airport (LGW).
- Blue1 (KF) uses Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (HEL).
- BMI (BD) uses Manchester Airport (MAN) and London Heathrow Airport (LHR).
- Bmibaby (WW), a low-fare airline, uses Birmingham Airport (BHX), Manchester Airport (MAN), Cardiff Airport (CWL) and East Midlands Airport (EMA)
- Brussels Airlines (SN) uses Brussels Airport (BRU).
- Bulgaria Air (FB) uses Sofia Airport (SOF).
- Condor Airlines (DE) uses Frankfurt International Airport (FRA).
- Croatia Airlines (OU) uses Zagreb Airport (ZAG).
- Cyprus Airways (CY) uses Larnaca Airport (LCA).
- Czech Airlines (OK) uses Prague Ruzyne International Airport (PRG).
- easyJet (U2), a low-cost carrier, has large 'bases' in Belfast International Airport(BFS), Bristol Airport(BRS), Edinburgh Airport (EDI), Glasgow International Airport (GLA), Liverpool John Lennon Airport (LPL), London Gatwick Airport (LGW), London Luton Airport (LTN), London Stansted Airport (STN), Manchester Airport (MAN), Newcastle Airport (NCL), Lyon Saint Exupery Airport (LYS), Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG), Milan Malpensa Airport (MXP), Berlin Schonefeld Airport (SXF) and Madrid Airport (MAD).
- easyJet Switzerland (DS) uses Geneva International Airport (GVA) and EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg (BSL/MLH/EAP).
- Finnair (AY) uses Helsinki-Vantaa Airport (HEL).
- Iberia Airlines (IB) uses Madrid Barajas International Airport (MAD).
- Icelandair (FI) uses Keflavík International Airport (KEF).
- Jat Airways (JU) uses Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport (BEG).
- Jet2.com (LS) uses Leeds Bradford International Airport (LBA).
- KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines) (KL) uses Amsterdam-Schiphol International Airport (AMS).
- LOT Polish Airlines (LO) uses Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport (WAW).
- Lufthansa (LH) uses Frankfurt International Airport (FRA), Munich Franz Josef Strauss Airport (MUC) and Düsseldorf International Airport (DUS).
- Luxair (LG) uses Luxembourg-Findel International Airport (LUX).
- Malév Hungarian Airlines (MA) uses Budapest Ferihegy International Airport (BUD).
- Martinair (MP) uses Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (AMS).
- Montenegro Airlines (YM) uses Podgorica Airport (TGD) and Tivat Airport (TIV).
- Olympic Air (OA) uses Athens Eleftherios Venizelos Airport (ATH).
- Portugalia (NI) uses Lisboa Portela Airport (LIS).
- Scandinavian Airlines System (SK) uses Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (ARN), Copenhagen Airport (CPH) and Oslo Airport, Gardermoen (OSL).
- Spanair (JK) uses Madrid Barajas International Airport (MAD) and Barcelona El Prat International Airport (BCN).
- Swiss International Airlines (LX) uses Zürich Airport (ZRH) (and to a lesser extent Geneva Cointrin International Airport (GVA)).
- TAP Portugal (TP) uses Lisboa Portela Airport (LIS) and Oporto Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport (OPO) .
- TAROM Romanian Air Transport (RO) uses Henri Coandă International Airport (OTP) as a principal hub and Cluj-Napoca International Airport (CLJ) as a second hub.
- Thomson Airways (TOM) uses London Gatwick Airport (LGW), Manchester Airport (MAN) and Birmingham International Airport, West Midlands (BHX).
- Turkish Airlines (TK) uses Istanbul Ataturk International Airport (IST)
- Ukraine International Airlines uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP)
- Virgin Atlantic (VS) uses London Heathrow Airport (LHR), London Gatwick Airport (LGW) and to a lesser extent Manchester Airport (MAN)
- WindRose uses Kiev-Boryspil International Airport (KBP)
North America (including Hawaii)
Air Canada operations at Montreal-Trudeau Airport.
- Aeroméxico (AM) uses Mexico City International Airport (MEX).
- Air Canada (AC) uses Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ), Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL), Vancouver International Airport (YVR), and Calgary International Airport (YYC) as major hubs.[4]
- Air Transat (TS) uses Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL), Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ), and Vancouver International Airport (YVR).
- AirTran Airways (FL), a low-fare airline, uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL) and General Mitchell International Airport (MKE), and Orlando International Airport (MCO) as main hubs, and Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI) as a secondary hub.
- Alaska Airlines (AS) uses Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA), Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC), Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Portland International Airport (PDX).
- American Airlines (AA) uses Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD), Miami International Airport (MIA), New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).
- American Eagle Airlines (MQ) uses Chicago-O'Hare International Airport (ORD), Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), San Juan's Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (SJU), Miami International Airport (MIA), Logan International Airport (BOS), and LaGuardia Airport (LGA).
- Continental Airlines (CO) uses Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR), and Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (CLE).
- Copa Airlines (CM) uses Tocumen International Airport (PTY).
- Delta Air Lines (DL) uses Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport (ATL), Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC), Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG), John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP), Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), Memphis International Airport (MEM), Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (AMS), Tokyo's Narita International Airport (NRT), and Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport (CDG).
- Frontier Airlines (F9), a low-fare airline, uses Denver International Airport (DEN), General Mitchell International Airport (MKE), and Kansas City International Airport (MCI).
- Hawaiian Airlines (HA), uses Honolulu International Airport(HNL).
- JetBlue Airways (B6), a low-fare airline, uses John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). JetBlue uses the term "bases" to define its New York-JFK operations.
- Midwest Airlines (YX) uses Milwaukee's General Mitchell International Airport (MKE) and Kansas City International Airport (MCI).
- Porter Airlines (PD) uses Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (YTZ) as its principle hub.
- Southwest Airlines (WN), a low-cost airline, mostly runs point-to-point service, but has hub-like operations in Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI), Chicago Midway Airport (MDW), Dallas Love Field Airport (DAL), Las Vegas's McCarran International Airport (LAS), Houston Hobby Airport (HOU), and Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX).
- Spirit Airlines (NK), a low-fare airline, uses Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (FLL), Spirit uses the term "bases" instead of "hubs" to define Detroit and Fort Lauderdale.
- TACA uses Comalapa International Airport (SAL), La Aurora International Airport (GUA), Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) (for its TACA Peru South American destinations) and Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO)
- United Airlines (UA) uses Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD), San Francisco International Airport (SFO) (as its Pacific gateway), Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD), Denver International Airport (DEN), and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).
- US Airways (US) uses Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX), Charlotte/Douglas International Airport (CLT), and Philadelphia International Airport (PHL).
- Virgin America (VX), a low-fare airline uses San Francisco International Airport (SFO)
- VivaAerobus (VB), a low-fare airline uses General Mariano Escobedo International Airport (MTY)
- WestJet (WS) uses Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ).
Caribbean
- Air ALM (LM) used Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Air Aruba (FQ) used Queen Beatrix International Airport (AUA) as a hub
- Air Caraïbes (TX) uses Pointe-à-Pitre International Airport (PTP) as a hub
- Air Turks and Caicos (JY) uses Providenciales International Airport (PLS) as hub.
- Bahamasair (UP) uses Nassau's Lynden Pindling International Airport (NAS) as its hub
- Caribair (B9) uses La Isabela International Airport (JBQ) as hub
- Caribbean Airlines (BW) uses Piarco International Airport (POS) and Kingston's Norman Manley International Airport (KIN) as hubs.
- Cayman Airways (KX) uses Grand Cayman's Owen Roberts International Airport (GCM) and Cayman Brac's Gerrard Smith International Airport (CYB) as hubs.
- Cubana de Aviación (CU) uses Havana's José Martí International Airport (HAV).
- Dominicana de Aviación (DO) used Las Américas International Airport (SDQ) as a hub
- Dutch Antilles Express (9H) uses Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Dutch Caribbean Airlines (K8) used Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Insel Air (7I) uses Hato International Airport (CUR) as a hub
- Leeward Islands Air Transport (LI) uses VC Bird International Airport (ANU), and Sir Grantley Adams International Airport (BGI) as a hub
- PAWA Dominicana (7Q) uses Las Américas International Airport (SDQ) and Cibao International Airport (STI) as Hubs
- Prinair (PQ) used Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport (SJU) as a hub
- SAP Air (5S) uses La Isabela International Airport (JBQ), Gregorio Luperón International Airport (POP) and Punta Cana International Airport (PUJ) as Hubs
- Tiara Air (3P) uses Queen Beatrix International Airport (AUA) as a hub
- Vieques Airlink (VI) uses Antonio Rivera Rodriguez Airport (VQS) as a hub
Oceania
South America
- Aerochaco (VM) uses Resistencia International Airport (RES).
- Aero Continente (N6) used Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM).
- Aerolíneas Argentinas (AR) uses Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE) and Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP).
- Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela (VH) uses Simón Bolívar International Airport (CCS).
- AeroRepública (P5) uses El Dorado International Airport (BOG).
- Andes Líneas Aéreas (OY) uses Martín Miguel de Güemes Airport (SLA).
- Austral Líneas Aéreas (AU) uses Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP).
- Avianca (AV) uses El Dorado International Airport (BOG).
- Gol (G3) uses Guarulhos International Airport (GRU) and Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (GIG), and Eduardo Gomes International Airport (MAO).
- Grupo Taca (TA) uses Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) and Juan Santamaría International Airport (SJO), Comalapa International Airport (SAL) & La Aurora International Airport (GUA) (for its TACA North/Central American destinations).
- LADE (5U) uses General Enrique Mosconi International Airport (CRD), Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) and Comandante Armando Tola International Airport (FTE).
- LAN (LA) uses Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport. (SCL). Subsidiaries: LAN Argentina uses Ministro Pistarini International Airport (EZE); LAN Ecuador uses Jose Joaquin de Olmedo International Airport (GYE) & Mariscal Sucre International Airport (UIO), LAN Perú uses Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM).
- Santa Barbara Airlines (S3) uses Simón Bolívar International Airport (CCS).
- Sol Líneas Aéreas (8R) uses Aeroparque Jorge Newbery (AEP) and Islas Malvinas International Airport (ROS).
- TAM Airlines (JJ) uses Guarulhos International Airport (GRU), Congonhas Domestic Airport (CGH), Eduardo Gomes International Airport (MAO) and Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport (BSB), TAM Airlines (Paraguay) uses Silvio Pettirossi International Airport (ASU)
See also
- Focus city
- Former airline hubs
- List of hub airports
- Point-to-point transit
- Rolling airline hub
- Transportation hub
References
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